layer2
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Papers (110)
# | Title | |
1. | The bitcoin lightning network: Scalable off-chain instant payments Poon, Joseph and Dryja, Thaddeus. 2016. ![]() ![]() | |
2. | A fast and scalable payment network with bitcoin duplex micropayment channels Decker, Christian and Wattenhofer, Roger. 2015. | |
3. | TumbleBit: An untrusted Bitcoin-compatible anonymous payment hub Heilman, Ethan and Alshenibr, Leen and Baldimtsi, Foteini and Scafuro, Alessandra and Goldberg, Sharon. 2017. | |
4. | Bolt: Anonymous payment channels for decentralized currencies Green, Matthew and Miers, Ian. 2017. ![]() ![]() | |
5. | Concurrency and privacy with payment-channel networks Malavolta, Giulio and Moreno-Sanchez, Pedro and Kate, Aniket and Maffei, Matteo and Ravi, Srivatsan. 2017. | |
6. | Revive: Rebalancing Off-Blockchain Payment Networks Rami Khalil and Arthur Gervais. 2017. | |
7. | Anonymous Multi-Hop Locks for Blockchain Scalability and Interoperability Giulio Malavolta and Pedro Moreno-Sanchez and Clara Schneidewind and Aniket Kate and Matteo Maffei. 2019. ![]() ![]() | |
8. | Blindly signed contracts: Anonymous on-blockchain and off-blockchain bitcoin transactions Heilman, Ethan and Baldimtsi, Foteini and Goldberg, Sharon. 2016. | |
9. | Sprites and State Channels: Payment Networks that Go Faster than Lightning Miller, Andrew and Bentov, Iddo and Kumaresan, Ranjit and Cordi, Christopher and McCorry, Patrick. 2018. ![]() ![]() | |
10. | Settling Payments Fast and Private: Efficient Decentralized Routing for Path-Based Transactions Roos, Stefanie and Moreno-Sanchez, Pedro and Kate, Aniket and Goldberg, Ian. 2017. | |
11. | SoK: Layer-two blockchain protocols Gudgeon, Lewis and Moreno-Sanchez, Pedro and Roos, Stefanie and McCorry, Patrick and Gervais, Arthur. 2020. | |
12. | ZoKrates - Scalable Privacy-Preserving Off-Chain Computations Jacob Eberhardt and Stefan Tai. 2018. ![]() ![]() | |
13. | XCLAIM: Trustless, Interoperable, Cryptocurrency-Backed Assets Zamyatin, Alexei and Harz, Dominik and Lind, Joshua and Panayiotou, Panayiotis and Gervais, Arthur and Knottenbelt, William. 2019. ![]() ![]() | |
14. | Flare: An approach to routing in lightning network Prihodko, Pavel and Zhigulin, Slava and Sahno, Mykola and Ostrovskiy, Aleksei and Osuntokun, Olaoluwa. 2016. | |
15. | A 2 L: Anonymous Atomic Locks for Scalability and Interoperability in Payment Channel Hubs Tairi, Erkan and Moreno-Sanchez, Pedro and Maffei, Matteo. 2019. | |
16. | SoK: Off The Chain Transactions Gudgeon, Lewis and McCorry, Patrick and Moreno-Sanchez, Pedro and Gervais, Arthur and Roos, Stefanie. 2019. | |
17. | Pisa: Arbitration Outsourcing for State Channels McCorry, Patrick and Bakshi, Surya and Bentov, Iddo and Meiklejohn, Sarah and Miller, Andrew. 2018. ![]() ![]() | |
18. | Channels: Horizontal scaling and confidentiality on permissioned blockchains Androulaki, Elli and Cachin, Christian and De Caro, Angelo and Kokoris-Kogias, Eleftherios. 2018. | |
19. | Towards bitcoin payment networks McCorry, Patrick and M\"oser, Malte and Shahandasti, Siamak F and Hao, Feng. 2016. | |
20. | Atomic multi-channel updates with constant collateral in bitcoin-compatible payment-channel networks Egger, Christoph and Moreno-Sanchez, Pedro and Maffei, Matteo. 2019. | |
21. | Routing cryptocurrency with the spider network Sivaraman, Vibhaalakshmi and Venkatakrishnan, Shaileshh Bojja and Alizadeh, Mohammad and Fanti, Giulia and Viswanath, Pramod. 2018. | |
22. | Multi-party virtual state channels Dziembowski, Stefan and Eckey, Lisa and Faust, Sebastian and Hesse, Julia and Host\'akov\'a, Kristina. 2019. | |
23. | A Comprehensive Survey on Smart Contract Construction and Execution: Paradigms, Tools and Systems Hu, Bin and Zhang, Zongyang and Liu, Jianwei and Liu, Yizhong and Yin, Jiayuan and Lu, Rongxing and Lin, Xiaodong. 2020. | |
24. | Dynamic-Committee Proactive Secret Sharing Maram, Sai Krishna Deepak and Zhang, Fan and Wang, Lun and Low, Andrew and Zhang, Yupeng and Juels, Ari and Song, Dawn. 2019. | |
25. | PERUN: Virtual Payment Channels over Cryptographic Currencies Stefan Dziembowski and Lisa Eckey and Sebastian Faust and Daniel Malinowski. 2017. ![]() ![]() | |
26. | On the difficulty of hiding the balance of lightning network channels HERRERA-JOANCOMARTI, Jordi and Navarro-Arribas, Guillermo and Ranchal Pedrosa, Alejandro and Cristina, Perez-Sola and Garcia-Alfaro, Joaquin. 2019. | |
27. | eltoo: A simple layer2 protocol for bitcoin Decker, Christian and Russell, Rusty and Osuntokun, Olaoluwa. 2018. | |
28. | An Empirical Analysis of Privacy in the Lightning Network Kappos, George and Yousaf, Haaroon and Piotrowska, Ania and Kanjalkar, Sanket and Delgado-Segura, Sergi and Miller, Andrew and Meiklejohn, Sarah. 2020. ![]() | |
29. | SoK: A Taxonomy for Layer-2 Scalability Related Protocols for Cryptocurrencies Maxim Jourenko and Kanta Kurazumi and Mario Larangeira and Keisuke Tanaka. 2019. | |
30. | Cerberus Channels: Incentivizing Watchtowers for Bitcoin Georgia Avarikioti and Orfeas Stefanos Thyfronitis Litos and Roger Wattenhofer. 2019. | |
31. | Counterfactual: Generalized state channels Coleman, Jeff and Horne, Liam and Xuanji, Li. 2018. | |
32. | MAD-HTLC: Because HTLC is Crazy-Cheap to Attack Itay Tsabary and Matan Yechieli and Ittay Eyal. 2020. ![]() | |
33. | Teechain: Reducing storage costs on the blockchain with offline payment channels Lind, Joshua and Naor, Oded and Eyal, Ittay and Kelbert, Florian and Pietzuch, Peter and Sirer, Emin G\"un. 2018. | |
34. | A Composable Security Treatment of the Lightning Network Aggelos Kiayias and Orfeas Stefanos Thyfronitis Litos. 2019. | |
35. | A Quantitative Analysis of Security, Anonymity and Scalability for the Lightning Network Sergei Tikhomirov and Pedro Moreno-Sanchez and Matteo Maffei. 2020. | |
36. | Bitcoin-Compatible Virtual Channels Lukas Aumayr and Oguzhan Ersoy and Andreas Erwig and Sebastian Faust and Kristina Hostáková and Matteo Maffei and Pedro Moreno-Sanchez and Siavash Riahi. 2020. | |
37. | Flood \& Loot: A Systemic Attack On The Lightning Network Harris, Jona and Zohar, Aviv. 2020. ![]() | |
38. | LockDown: Balance Availability Attack against Lightning Network Channels Cristina Pérez-Solà and Alejandro Ranchal-Pedrosa and Jordi Herrera-Joancomartí and Guillermo Navarro-Arribas and Joaquin Garcia-Alfaro. 2019. | |
39. | Hijacking Routes in Payment Channel Networks: A Predictability Tradeoff Saar Tochner and Stefan Schmid and Aviv Zohar. 2019. | |
40. | Split payments in payment networks Piatkivskyi, Dmytro and Nowostawski, Mariusz. 2018. | |
41. | Hydra: Fast Isomorphic State Channels Chakravarty, Manuel MT and Coretti, Sandro and Fitzi, Matthias and Gazi, Peter and Kant, Philipp and Kiayias, Aggelos and Russell, Alexander. 2020. | |
42. | Blitz: Secure Multi-Hop Payments Without Two-Phase Commits Lukas Aumayr and Pedro Moreno-Sanchez and Aniket Kate and Matteo Maffei. 2021. | |
43. | ACE: Asynchronous and Concurrent Execution of Complex Smart Contracts Karl Wüst and Sinisa Matetic and Silvan Egli and Kari Kostiainen and Srdjan Capkun. 2019. | |
44. | Verifiable Timed Signatures Made Practical Thyagarajan, Sri Aravinda Krishnan and Bhat, Adithya and Malavolta, Giulio and D\"ottling, Nico and Kate, Aniket and Schr\"oder, Dominique. 2020. | |
45. | A percolation model for the emergence of the Bitcoin Lightning Network Bartolucci, Silvia and Caccioli, Fabio and Vivo, Pierpaolo. 2019. | |
46. | Balance: Dynamic Adjustment of Cryptocurrency Deposits Harz, Dominik and Gudgeon, Lewis and Gervais, Arthur and Knottenbelt, William J. 2019. | |
47. | zkRelay: Facilitating Sidechains using zkSNARK-based Chain-Relays Martin Westerkamp and Jacob Eberhardt. 2020. | |
48. | The Arwen Trading Protocols Heilman, Ethan and Lipmann, Sebastien and Goldberg, Sharon. 2018. ![]() ![]() | |
49. | DLSAG: Non-Interactive Refund Transactions For Interoperable Payment Channels in Monero Moreno-Sanchez, Pedro and Le, Duc V and Noether, Sarang and Goodell, Brandon and Kate, Aniket. 2019. | |
50. | Toward Active and Passive Confidentiality Attacks On Cryptocurrency Off-Chain Networks Nisslmueller, Utz and Foerster, Klaus-Tycho and Schmid, Stefan and Decker, Christian. 2020. | |
51. | Ride the lightning: The game theory of payment channels Avarikioti, Zeta and Heimbach, Lioba and Wang, Yuyi and Wattenhofer, Roger. 2020. | |
52. | Celer network: Bring internet scale to every blockchain Dong, Mo and Liang, Qingkai and Li, Xiaozhou and Liu, Junda. 2018. | |
53. | TEX - A Securely Scalable Trustless Exchange Rami Khalil and Arthur Gervais and Guillaume Felley. 2019. | |
54. | Dispute Resolution for Smart Contract-based Two-Party Protocols Wagner, Eric and V\"olker, Achim and Fuhrmann, Frederik and Matzutt, Roman and Wehrle, Klaus. 2019. | |
55. | WI Is Not Enough: Zero-Knowledge Contingent (Service) Payments Revisited Georg Fuchsbauer. 2019. | |
56. | You sank my battleship! A case study to evaluate state channels as a scaling solution for cryptocurrencies McCorry, Patrick and Buckland, Chris and Bakshi, Surya and W\"ust, Karl and Miller, Andrew. 2018. | |
57. | How to Charge Lightning Br\^anzei, Simina and Segal-Halevi, Erel and Zohar, Aviv. 2017. | |
58. | SoK: Validating Bridges as a Scaling Solution for Blockchains McCorry, Patrick and Buckland, Chris and Yee, Bennet and Song, Dawn. 2021. | |
59. | Audita: A Blockchain-based Auditing Framework for Off-chain Storage Francati, Danilo and Ateniese, Giuseppe and Faye, Abdoulaye and Milazzo, Andrea Maria and Perillo, Angelo Massimo and Schiatti, Luca and Giordano, Giuseppe. 2019. | |
60. | Splitting Payments Locally While Routing Interdimensionally Lisa Eckey and Sebastian Faust and Kristina Hostáková and Stefanie Roos. 2020. | |
61. | Building Scalable Decentralized Payment Systems Adler, John and Quintyne-Collins, Mikerah. 2019. | |
62. | Scalable lightning factories for Bitcoin Alejandro Ranchal Pedrosa and Maria Potop-Butucaru and Sara Tucci Piergiovanni. 2019. | |
63. | Lightning Factories Pedrosa, Alejandro Ranchal and Potop-Butucaru, Maria and Tucci-Piergiovanni, Sara. 2019. | |
64. | Cross-Layer Deanonymization Methods in the Lightning Protocol Romiti, Matteo and Victor, Friedhelm and Moreno-Sanchez, Pedro and Haslhofer, Bernhard and Maffei, Matteo. 2020. | |
65. | COMIT-Cryptographically-secure Off-chain Multi-asset Instant Transaction Network Hosp, Dr and Hoenisch, Toby and Kittiwongsunthorn, Paul and others. 2018. | |
66. | Lower Bounds for Off-Chain Protocols: Exploring the Limits of Plasma Stefan Dziembowski and Grzegorz Fabiański and Sebastian Faust and Siavash Riahi. 2020. | |
67. | Lightweight Virtual Payment Channels Maxim Jourenko and Mario Larangeira and Keisuke Tanaka. 2020. | |
68. | Brick: Asynchronous State Channels Avarikioti, Georgia and Kogias, Eleftherios Kokoris and Wattenhofer, Roger. 2019. | |
69. | SIMS : Self Sovereign Identity Management System with Preserving Privacy in Blockchain Jeonghyuk Lee and Jungyeon Hwang and Jaekyung Choi and Hyunok Oh and Jihye Kim. 2019. | |
70. | FPPW: A Fair and Privacy Preserving Watchtower For Bitcoin Arash Mirzaei and Amin Sakzad and Jiangshan Yu and Ron Steinfeld. 2021. | |
71. | SoK: Not Quite Water Under the Bridge: Review of Cross-Chain Bridge Hacks Sung-Shine Lee and Alexandr Murashkin and Martin Derka and Jan Gorzny. 2022. | |
72. | Analysis and Probing of Parallel Channels in the Lightning Network Alex Biryukov and Gleb Naumenko and Sergei Tikhomirov. 2021. | |
73. | Thora: Atomic And Privacy-Preserving Multi-Channel Updates Aumayr, Lukas and Abbaszadeh, Kasra and Maffei, Matteo. 2022. | |
74. | An empirical study of availability and reliability properties of the Bitcoin Lightning Network Waugh, Finnegan and Holz, Ralph. 2020. | |
75. | Payment Trees: Low Collateral Payments for Payment Channel Networks Maxim Jourenko and Mario Larangeira and Keisuke Tanaka. 2020. | |
76. | Two-Party State Channels with Assertions Corry, Patrick Buckland, Chris. 2019. | |
77. | Scalable and privacy-preserving off-chain computations Eberhardt, Jacob. 2021. | |
78. | WI is Almost Enough: Contingent Payment All Over Again Nguyen, Ky and Ambrona, Miguel and Abe, Masayuki. 2020. | |
79. | CommiTEE: An Efficient and Secure Commit-Chain Protocol using TEEs Andreas Erwig and Sebastian Faust and Siavash Riahi and Tobias Stöckert. 2020. | |
80. | Non-Atomic Payment Splitting in Channel Networks Dziembowski, Stefan and Kedzior, Pawe\l. 2020. | |
81. | Shades of Finality and Layer 2 Scaling Yee, Bennet and Song, Dawn and McCorry, Patrick and Buckland, Chris. 2022. | |
82. | Formal Modelling and Security Analysis of Bitcoin's Payment Protocol Modesti, Paolo and Shahandashti, Siamak F and McCorry, Patrick and Hao, Feng. 2021. | |
83. | Bitcontracts: Adding Expressive Smart Contracts to Legacy Cryptocurrencies Karl Wüst and Loris Diana and Kari Kostiainen and Ghassan Karame and Sinisa Matetic and Srdjan Capkun. 2019. | |
84. | Layer 2 Atomic Cross-Blockchain Function Calls Robinson, Peter and Ramesh, Raghavendra. 2020. | |
85. | Parsec: a state channel for the Internet of Value Jaiswal, Amit Kumar. 2018. | |
86. | P4PCN: Privacy-Preserving Path Probing for Payment Channel Networks Yu, Ruozhou and Wan, Yinxin and Kilari, Vishnu Teja and Xue, Guoliang and Tang, Jian and Yang, Dejun and Zhang, Xiang and Li, Dan and Song, Yaozhong and Yau, Stephen S and others. 2018. | |
87. | Anonymous probabilistic payment in payment hub Tatsuo Mitani and Akira Otsuka. 2020. | |
88. | Interhead Hydra Two Heads are Better than One Maxim Jourenko and Mario Larangeira and Keisuke Tanaka. 2021. | |
89. | Adaptive layer-two dispute periods in blockchains Rami Khalil and Naranker Dulay. 2020. | |
90. | Censorship-Resilient and Confidential Collateralized Second-Layer Payments Kostiainen, Kari and Gnap, Sven and Karame, Ghassan. 2022. | |
91. | Foundations of State Channel Networks Stefan Dziembowski and Sebastian Faust and Kristina Hostakova. 2018. | |
92. | Multi-Hop Locks for Secure, Privacy-Preserving and Interoperable Payment-Channel Networks Giulio Malavolta and Pedro Moreno-Sanchez and Clara Schneidewind and Aniket Kate and Matteo Maffei. 2018. | |
93. | NOCUST--A Non-Custodial 2 nd-Layer Financial Intermediary Khalil, Rami and Gervais, Arthur. 2018. ![]() ![]() | |
94. | Pay-To-Win: Incentive Attacks on Proof-of-Work Cryptocurrencies Aljosha Judmayer and Nicholas Stifter and Alexei Zamyatin and Itay Tsabary and Ittay Eyal and Peter Gazi and Sarah Meiklejohn and Edgar Weippl. 2019. | |
95. | NOCUST--A Securely Scalable Commit-Chain Khalil, Rami and Gervais, Arthur and Felley, Guillaume. 2019. | |
96. | Off-chaining models and approaches to off-chain computations Eberhardt, Jacob and Heiss, Jonathan. 2018. | |
97. | Avoiding deadlocks in payment channel networks Werman, Shira and Zohar, Aviv. 2018. | |
98. | Ethna: Channel Network with Dynamic Internal Payment Splitting Stefan Dziembowski and Paweł Kędzior. 2020. | |
99. | Generalized Bitcoin-Compatible Channels Lukas Aumayr and Oguzhan Ersoy and Andreas Erwig and Sebastian Faust and Kristina Hostakova and Matteo Maffei and Pedro Moreno-Sanchez and Siavash Riahi. 2020. | |
100. | Platypus: Offchain protocol without synchrony Ranchal-Pedrosa, Alejandro and Gramoli, Vincent. 2019. | |
101. | Off-chain protocols for cryptocurrencies Goldfeder, Steven Andrew and others. 2018. | |
102. | Payment Does Not Imply Consensus (For Distributed Payment Systems) Orton, Thomas. 2021. | |
103. | Understanding rollup economics from first principles Monnot, Barnabé. 2022. | |
104. | Optimistic and Validity Rollups: Analysis and Comparison between Optimism and StarkNet Donno, Luca. 2022. | |
105. | Specular: Towards Trust-minimized Blockchain Execution Scalability with EVM-native Fraud Proofs Ye, Zhe and Misra, Ujval and Song, Dawn. 2022. | |
106. | Musketeer: Incentive-Compatible Rebalancing for Payment Channel Networks Zeta Avarikioti and Stefan Schmid and Samarth Tiwari. 2023. | |
107. | Incentive Schemes for Rollup Validators Akaki Mamageishvili and Edward W. Felten. 2023. | |
108. | MEV on L2 Ha, Vlachou and Kilbourn, De Michellis. 2021. | |
109. | Shared Sequencing and Latency Competition as a Noisy Contest Mamageishvili, Akaki and Schlegel, Jan Christoph. 2023. | |
110. | SoK: Decentralized Sequencers for Rollups Shashank Motepalli and Luciano Freitas and Benjamin Livshits. 2023. |
Videos
Links
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Optimistic vs. ZK Rollup: Deep Dive by Alex Gluchowski
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Evaluating Ethereum L2 Scaling Solutions: A Comparison Framework
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The Dawn of Hybrid Layer 2 Protocols by Vitalik Buterin
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Ethereum Smart Contracts in L2: Optimistic Rollup by Karl Floersch.
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Using Universal Composability to Implement Off-Chain Payment Channels