| # | Title | Citations |
| 1. | Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System Nakamoto, Satoshi. 2008.   | 37365 |
| 2. | A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform Buterin, Vitalik. 2014. | 6010 |
| 3. | Hyperledger fabric: a distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains Androulaki, Elli and Barger, Artem and Bortnikov, Vita and Cachin, Christian and Christidis, Konstantinos and De Caro, Angelo and Enyeart, David and Ferris, Christopher and Laventman, Gennady and Manevich, Yacov and Muralidharan, Srinivasan and Murthy, Chet and Nguyen, Binh and Sethi, Manish and Singh, Gari and Smith, Keith and Sorniotti, Alessandro and Stathakopoulou, Chrysoula and Vukolić, Marko and Weed Cocco, Sharon and Yellick, Jason. 2018. | 5277 |
| 4. | Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable Eyal, Ittay and Gün Sirer, Emin. 2014. | 3173 |
| 5. | On the security and performance of proof of work blockchains Gervais, Arthur and Karame, Ghassan O and W\"ust, Karl and Glykantzis, Vasileios and Ritzdorf, Hubert and Capkun, Srdjan. 2016. | 2181 |
| 6. | Algorand: Scaling byzantine agreements for cryptocurrencies Gilad, Yossi and Hemo, Rotem and Micali, Silvio and Vlachos, Georgios and Zeldovich, Nickolai. 2017. | 2126 |
| 7. | The Bitcoin Backbone Protocol : Analysis and Applications Garay, Juan A and Kiayias, Aggelos and Leonardos, Nikos. 2014. | 2062 |
| 8. | Bitcoin-NG: A Scalable Blockchain Protocol Eyal, Ittay and Gencer, Adem Efe and Sirer, Emin Gün and van Renesse, Robbert. 2016. | 1885 |
| 9. | The quest for scalable blockchain fabric: Proof-of-work vs. BFT replication Vukolić, Marko. 2015. | 1663 |
| 10. | Hashcash - A Denial of Service Counter-Measure Back, Adam. 2002. | 1413 |
| 11. | Hotstuff: Bft consensus with linearity and responsiveness Yin, Maofan and Malkhi, Dahlia and Reiter, Michael K and Gueta, Guy Golan and Abraham, Ittai. 2019. | 1166 |
| 12. | The honey badger of BFT protocols Miller, Andrew and Xia, Yu and Croman, Kyle and Shi, Elaine and Song, Dawn. 2016. | 1098 |
| 13. | The Ripple protocol consensus algorithm Schwartz, D and Youngs, N and Britto, A. 2014. | 984 |
| 14. | Blockchain consensus protocols in the wild Cachin, Christian and Vukoli\'c, Marko. 2017. | 944 |
| 15. | Casper the friendly finality gadget Buterin, Vitalik and Griffith, Virgil. 2017. | 938 |
| 16. | Analysis of the Blockchain Protocol in Asynchronous Networks Pass, Rafael and Seeman, Lior and abhi Shelat. 2016. | 911 |
| 17. | Optimal Selfish Mining Strategies in Bitcoin Sapirshtein, Ayelet and Sompolinsky, Yonatan and Zohar, Aviv. 2015. | 843 |
| 18. | Tendermint: Byzantine fault tolerance in the age of blockchains Buchman, Ethan. 2016. | 769 |
| 19. | The stellar consensus protocol: A federated model for internet-level consensus Mazieres, David. 2015. | 685 |
| 20. | Verifiable Delay Functions Dan Boneh, Joseph Bonneau, Benedikt Bünz, Ben Fisch. 2018. | 681 |
| 21. | The Miner's Dilemma Eyal, Ittay. 2014. | 596 |
| 22. | SBFT: A scalable and decentralized trust infrastructure Golan Gueta, Guy and Abraham, Ittai and Grossman, Shelly and Malkhi, Dahlia and Pinkas, Benny and Reiter, Michael K and Seredinschi, Dragos-Adrian and Tamir, Orr and Tomescu, Alin. 2018. | 585 |
| 23. | Inclusive block chain protocols Lewenberg, Yoad and Sompolinsky, Yonatan and Zohar, Aviv. 2015. | 494 |
| 24. | Hybrid consensus: Efficient consensus in the permissionless model Pass, Rafael and Shi, Elaine. 2017. | 493 |
| 25. | Fruitchains: A fair blockchain Pass, Rafael and Shi, Elaine. 2016. | 471 |
| 26. | The latest gossip on BFT consensus Buchman, Ethan and Kwon, Jae and Milosevic, Zarko. 2018. | 400 |
| 27. | Scaling blockchains: A comprehensive survey Hafid, Abdelatif and Hafid, Abdelhakim Senhaji and Samih, Mustapha. 2020. | 349 |
| 28. | The Bitcoin Backbone Protocol with Chains of Variable Difficulty Juan A. Garay and Aggelos Kiayias and Nikos Leonardos. 2016. | 343 |
| 29. | DFINITY Technology Overview Series, Consensus System Hanke, Timo and Movahedi, Mahnush and Williams, Dominic. 2018. | 332 |
| 30. | Accelerating Bitcoin's Transaction Processing. Fast Money Grows on Trees, Not Chains Sompolinsky, Yonatan and Zohar, A. 2013. | 329 |
| 31. | Thunderella: Blockchains with Optimistic Instant Confirmation Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi. 2017. | 328 |
| 32. | Demystifying incentives in the consensus computer Luu, Loi and Teutsch, Jason and Kulkarni, Raghav and Saxena, Prateek. 2015. | 316 |
| 33. | Consensus in the age of blockchains Bano, Shehar and Sonnino, Alberto and Al-Bassam, Mustafa and Azouvi, Sarah and McCorry, Patrick and Meiklejohn, Sarah and Danezis, George. 2017. | 298 |
| 34. | Narwhal and Tusk: A DAG-based Mempool and Efficient BFT Consensus Danezis, George and Kogias, Eleftherios Kokoris and Sonnino, Alberto and Spiegelman, Alexander. 2021. | 296 |
| 35. | Speed-Security Tradeoffs in Blockchain Protocols Kiayias, Aggelos and Panagiotakos, Giorgos. 2015. | 261 |
| 36. | Hotstuff: Bft consensus in the lens of blockchain Yin, Maofan and Malkhi, Dahlia and Reiter, Michael K and Gueta, Guy Golan and Abraham, Ittai. 2018. | 248 |
| 37. | Sync hotstuff: Simple and practical synchronous state machine replication Abraham, Ittai and Malkhi, Dahlia and Nayak, Kartik and Ren, Ling and Yin, Maofan. 2020. | 247 |
| 38. | The Sleepy Model of Consensus Pass, Rafael and Shi, Elaine. 2017. | 247 |
| 39. | Order-Fairness for Byzantine Consensus Mahimna Kelkar and Fan Zhang and Steven Goldfeder and Ari Juels. 2020. | 237 |
| 40. | Why buy when you can rent? bribery attacks on bitcoin consensus Bonneau, Joseph and Felten, Edward W and Goldfeder, Steven and Kroll, Joshua A and Narayanan, Arvind. 2016. | 229 |
| 41. | Redactable blockchain in the permissionless setting Deuber, Dominic and Magri, Bernardo and Thyagarajan, Sri Aravinda Krishnan. 2019. | 213 |
| 42. | Analysis of the XRP ledger consensus protocol Chase, Brad and MacBrough, Ethan. 2018. | 195 |
| 43. | A Better Method to Analyze Blockchain Consistency Kiffer, Lucianna and Rajaraman, Rajmohan and others. 2018. | 187 |
| 44. | Combining GHOST and Casper Buterin, Vitalik and Hernandez, Diego and Kamphefner, Thor and Pham, Khiem and Qiao, Zhi and Ryan, Danny and Sin, Juhyeok and Wang, Ying and Zhang, Yan X. 2020. | 187 |
| 45. | Sok: A consensus taxonomy in the blockchain era Garay, Juan and Kiayias, Aggelos. 2018. | 185 |
| 46. | Algorand Chen, Jing and Micali, Silvio. 2016. | 182 |
| 47. | Stake-Bleeding Attacks on Proof-of-Stake Blockchains Peter Gaži and Aggelos Kiayias and Alexander Russell. 2018. | 173 |
| 48. | On Trees, Chains and Fast Transactions in the Blockchain Kiayias, Aggelos and Panagiotakos, Giorgos. 2016. | 169 |
| 49. | Publish or Perish: A Backward-Compatible Defense against Selfish Mining in Bitcoin Zhang, Ren and Preneel, Bart. 2017. | 160 |
| 50. | State Machine Replication in the Libra Blockchain Baudet, Mathieu and Ching, Avery and Chursin, Andrey and Danezis, George and Garillot, Fran\ccois and Li, Zekun and Malkhi, Dahlia and Naor, Oded and Perelman, Dmitri and Sonnino, Alberto. 2019. | 159 |
| 51. | Streamlet: Textbook Streamlined Blockchains Benjamin Y Chan and Elaine Shi. 2020. | 156 |
| 52. | Scalable and Probabilistic Leaderless BFT Consensus through Metastability Rocket, Team and Yin, Maofan and Sekniqi, Kevin and van Renesse, Robbert and Sirer, Emin G\"un. 2019. | 152 |
| 53. | Communication complexity of byzantine agreement, revisited Abraham, Ittai and Chan, TH and Dolev, Danny and Nayak, Kartik and Pass, Rafael and Ren, Ling and Shi, Elaine. 2018. | 152 |
| 54. | SPECTRE: Serialization of Proof-of-work Events: Confirming Transactions via Recursive Elections Sompolinsky, Yonatan and Lewenberg, Yoad and Zohar, Aviv. 2016. | 149 |
| 55. | Anonymous Byzantine Consensus from Moderately-Hard Puzzles: A Model for Bitcoin Miller, Andrew and Jr, Jj LaViola. 2014. | 140 |
| 56. | Scp: A computationally-scalable byzantine consensus protocol for blockchains Luu, Loi and Narayanan, Viswesh and Baweja, Kunal and Zheng, Chaodong and Gilbert, Seth and Saxena, Prateek. 2015. | 140 |
| 57. | Jolteon and ditto: Network-adaptive efficient consensus with asynchronous fallback Gelashvili, Rati and Kokoris-Kogias, Lefteris and Sonnino, Alberto and Spiegelman, Alexander and Xiang, Zhuolun. 2022. | 140 |
| 58. | Everything is a Race and Nakamoto Always Wins Amir Dembo and Sreeram Kannan and Ertem Nusret Tas and David Tse and Pramod Viswanath and Xuechao Wang and Ofer Zeitouni. 2020. | 133 |
| 59. | Incentives in Ethereum's Hybrid Casper Protocol Buterin, Vitalik and Reijsbergen, Daniel and Leonardos, Stefanos and Piliouras, Georgios. 2019. | 132 |
| 60. | Lay down the common metrics: Evaluating proof-of-work consensus protocols’ security Zhang, Ren and Preneel, Bart. 2019. | 128 |
| 61. | Analysis of Nakamoto Consensus Ling Ren. 2019. | 110 |
| 62. | DispersedLedger:High-Throughput Byzantine Consensus on Variable Bandwidth Networks Yang, Lei and Park, Seo Jin and Alizadeh, Mohammad and Kannan, Sreeram and Tse, David. 2022. | 110 |
| 63. | Rethinking Large-Scale Consensus Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi. 2018. | 99 |
| 64. | ALGORAND AGREEMENT: Super Fast and Partition Resilient Byzantine Agreement. Chen, Jing and Gorbunov, Sergey and Micali, Silvio and Vlachos, Georgios. 2018. | 98 |
| 65. | Good-case Latency of Byzantine Broadcast: a Complete Categorization Abraham, Ittai and Nayak, Kartik and Ren, Ling and Xiang, Zhuolun. 2021. | 96 |
| 66. | Good-case Latency of Byzantine Broadcast: A Complete Categorization Ittai Abraham and Kartik Nayak and Ling Ren and Zhuolun Xiang. 2022. | 96 |
| 67. | Mechanising Blockchain Consensus P\^\irlea, George and Sergey, Ilya. 2018. | 93 |
| 68. | PaLa: A Simple Partially Synchronous Blockchain Chan, TH Hubert and Pass, Rafael and Shi, Elaine. 2018. | 90 |
| 69. | Hot-stuff the linear, optimal-resilience, one-message BFT devil Abraham, Ittai and Gueta, Guy and Malkhi, Dahlia. 2018. | 88 |
| 70. | YOSO: You Only Speak Once / Secure MPC with Stateless Ephemeral Roles Craig Gentry and Shai Halevi and Hugo Krawczyk and Bernardo Magri and Jesper Buus Nielsen and Tal Rabin and Sophia Yakoubov. 2021. | 88 |
| 71. | Pixel: Multi-signatures for Consensus Manu Drijvers and Sergey Gorbunov and Gregory Neven and Hoeteck Wee. 2019. | 85 |
| 72. | Tight Consistency Bounds for Bitcoin Peter Gaži and Aggelos Kiayias and Alexander Russell. 2020. | 85 |
| 73. | Revisiting Difficulty Control for Blockchain Systems Meshkov, Dmitry and Chepurnoy, Alexander and Jansen, Marc. 2017. | 81 |
| 74. | Polygraph: Accountable Byzantine Agreement Civit, Pierre and Gilbert, Seth and Gramoli, Vincent. 2019. | 80 |
| 75. | When cryptocurrencies mine their own business Teutsch, Jason and Jain, Sanjay and Saxena, Prateek. 2016. | 79 |
| 76. | Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) Protection on a DAG Malkhi, Dahlia and Szalachowski, Pawel. 2022. | 76 |
| 77. | Synchronous, with a Chance of Partition Tolerance. Guo, Yue and Pass, Rafael and Shi, Elaine. 2019. | 75 |
| 78. | On The Longest Chain Rule and Programmed Self-Destruction of Crypto Currencies Courtois, Nicolas T. 2014. | 74 |
| 79. | RandPiper--Reconfiguration-Friendly Random Beacons with Quadratic Communication Bhat, Adithya and Shrestha, Nibesh and Kate, Aniket and Nayak, Kartik. 2020. | 73 |
| 80. | Order-Fair Consensus in the Permissionless Setting Mahimna Kelkar and Soubhik Deb and Sreeram Kannan. 2021. | 72 |
| 81. | Order-fair consensus in the permissionless setting Kelkar, Mahimna and Deb, Soubhik and Kannan, Sreeram. 2022. | 72 |
| 82. | FastPay: High-Performance Byzantine Fault Tolerant Settlement Baudet, Mathieu and Danezis, George and Sonnino, Alberto. 2020. | 70 |
| 83. | Graphene: A new protocol for block propagation using set reconciliation Ozisik, A Pinar and Andresen, Gavin and Bissias, George and Houmansadr, Amir and Levine, Brian. 2017. | 70 |
| 84. | StrongChain: Transparent and Collaborative Proof-of-Work Consensus Szalachowski, Pawel and Reijsbergen, Dani\"el and Homoliak, Ivan and Sun, Siwei. 2019. | 69 |
| 85. | Single secret leader election Boneh, Dan and Eskandarian, Saba and Hanzlik, Lucjan and Greco, Nicola. 2020. | 69 |
| 86. | Bottlenecks in blockchain consensus protocols Alqahtani, Salem and Demirbas, Murat. 2021. | 65 |
| 87. | Economic implications of scaling blockchains: Why the consensus protocol matters John, Kose and Rivera, Thomas J and Saleh, Fahad. 2020. | 63 |
| 88. | GRANDPA: a Byzantine finality gadget Stewart, Alistair and Kokoris-Kogia, Eleftherios. 2020. | 60 |
| 89. | Expected Linear Round Synchronization: The Missing Link for Linear Byzantine SMR Naor, Oded and Keidar, Idit. 2020. | 57 |
| 90. | Cogsworth: Byzantine View Synchronization Naor, Oded and Baudet, Mathieu and Malkhi, Dahlia and Spiegelman, Alexander. 2019. | 57 |
| 91. | Bootstrapping the Blockchain, with Applications to Consensus and Fast PKI Setup Garay, Juan A and Kiayias, Aggelos and Leonardos, Nikos and Panagiotakos, Giorgos. 2018. | 55 |
| 92. | Internet Computer Consensus Jan Camenisch and Manu Drijvers and Timo Hanke and Yvonne-Anne Pignolet and Victor Shoup and Dominic Williams. 2021. | 55 |
| 93. | Agreement with Satoshi – On the Formalization of Nakamoto Consensus Nicholas Stifter and Aljosha Judmayer and Philipp Schindler and Alexei Zamyatin and Edgar Weippl. 2018. | 49 |
| 94. | Blockmania: from Block DAGs to Consensus Danezis, George and Hrycyszyn, David. 2018. | 47 |
| 95. | Ouroboros-BFT: A Simple Byzantine Fault Tolerant Consensus Protocol Kiayias, Aggelos and Russell, Alexander. 2018. | 47 |
| 96. | Replicated state machines without replicated execution Lee, Jonathan and Nikitin, Kirill and Setty, Srinath. 2020. | 47 |
| 97. | Block-STM: Scaling Blockchain Execution by Turning Ordering Curse to a Performance Blessing Gelashvili, Rati and Spiegelman, Alexander and Xiang, Zhuolun and Danezis, George and Li, Zekun and Xia, Yu and Zhou, Runtian and Malkhi, Dahlia. 2022. | 47 |
| 98. | Expected Constant Round Byzantine Broadcast under Dishonest Majority Jun Wan and Hanshen Xiao and Elaine Shi and Srinivas Devadas. 2020. | 46 |
| 99. | Afgjort: A Partially Synchronous Finality Layer for Blockchains Bernardo Magri and Christian Matt and Jesper Buus Nielsen and Daniel Tschudi. 2019. | 43 |
| 100. | Securing Proof-of-Work Ledgers via Checkpointing Dimitris Karakostas and Aggelos Kiayias. 2020. | 43 |
| 101. | Betting on Blockchain Consensus with Fantomette Azouvi, Sarah and McCorry, Patrick and Meiklejohn, Sarah. 2018. | 42 |
| 102. | Reducing Participation Costs via Incremental Verification for Ledger Systems Weikeng Chen and Alessandro Chiesa and Emma Dauterman and Nicholas P. Ward. 2020. | 41 |
| 103. | Shoal: Improving DAG-BFT Latency And Robustness Alexander Spiegelman and Balaji Aurn and Rati Gelashvili and Zekun Li. 2023. | 40 |
| 104. | Correctness and fairness of tendermint-core blockchains Amoussou-Guenou, Yackolley and Del Pozzo, Antonella and Potop-Butucaru, Maria and Tucci-Piergiovanni, Sara. 2018. | 38 |
| 105. | Full Analysis of Nakamoto Consensus in Bounded-Delay Networks Juan Garay and Aggelos Kiayias and Nikos Leonardos. 2020. | 38 |
| 106. | LazyLedger: A Distributed Data Availability Ledger With Client-Side Smart Contracts Al-Bassam, Mustafa. 2019. | 37 |
| 107. | Proof of Necessary Work: Succinct State Verification with Fairness Guarantees Assimakis Kattis and Joseph Bonneau. 2020. | 35 |
| 108. | Blockchain-Free Cryptocurrencies: A Framework for Truly Decentralised Fast Transactions Boyen, Xavier and Carr, Christopher and Haines, Thomas. 2016. | 34 |
| 109. | Resource-Restricted Cryptography: Revisiting MPC Bounds in the Proof-of-Work Era Garay, Juan and Kiayias, Aggelos and Ostrovsky, Rafail M and Panagiotakos, Giorgos and Zikas, Vassilis. 2020. | 33 |
| 110. | Sui Lutris: A Blockchain Combining Broadcast and Consensus Blackshear, Sam and Chursin, Andrey and Danezis, George and Kichidis, Anastasios and Kokoris-Kogias, Lefteris and Li, Xun and Logan, Mark and Menon, Ashok and Nowacki, Todd and Sonnino, Alberto and others. 2023. | 31 |
| 111. | Native Custom Tokens in the Extended UTXO Model Chakravarty, Manuel MT and Chapman, James and MacKenzie, Kenneth and Melkonian, Orestis and M\"uller, Jann and Jones, Michael Peyton and Vinogradova, Polina and Wadler, Philip. 2020. | 30 |
| 112. | BeeGees: stayin' alive in chained BFT Abraham, Ittai and Crooks, Natacha and Giridharan, Neil and Howard, Heidi and Suri-Payer, Florian. 2023. | 30 |
| 113. | Ethereum Proof-of-Stake Consensus Layer: Participation and Decentralization Dominic Grandjean and Lioba Heimbach and Roger Wattenhofer. 2023. | 30 |
| 114. | Post-Quantum Verifiable Random Function from Symmetric Primitives in PoS Blockchain Buser, Maxime and Dowsley, Rafael and Esgin, Muhammed F and Kermanshahi, Shabnam Kasra and Kuchta, Veronika and Liu, Joseph K and Phan, Raphael and Zhang, Zhenfei. 2021. | 29 |
| 115. | Round-Efficient Byzantine Agreement and Multi-Party Computation with Asynchronous Fallback Giovanni Deligios and Martin Hirt and Chen-Da Liu-Zhang. 2021. | 29 |
| 116. | Uncle Maker: (Time)Stamping Out The Competition in Ethereum Aviv Yaish and Gilad Stern and Aviv Zohar. 2022. | 29 |
| 117. | Prism Removes Consensus Bottleneck for Smart Contracts Wang, Gerui and Wang, Shuo and Bagaria, Vivek and Tse, David and Viswanath, Pramod. 2020. | 28 |
| 118. | Formalizing Nakamoto-Style Proof of Stake Søren Eller Thomsen and Bas Spitters. 2020. | 28 |
| 119. | Winning the caucus race: Continuous leader election via public randomness Azouvi, Sarah and McCorry, Patrick and Meiklejohn, Sarah. 2018. | 28 |
| 120. | PHANTOM: A Scalable BlockDAG Protocol Yonatan Sompolinsky and Aviv Zohar. 2018. | 27 |
| 121. | A Security Framework for Distributed Ledgers Christoph Egger and Mike Graf and Ralf Kuesters and Daniel Rausch and Viktoria Ronge and and Dominique Schröder. 2021. | 27 |
| 122. | On the Necessity of a Prescribed Block Validity Consensus: Analyzing Bitcoin Unlimited Mining Protocol Ren Zhang and Bart Preneel. 2017. | 26 |
| 123. | Streamlined Blockchains: A Simple and Elegant Approach (A Tutorial and Survey) Elaine Shi. 2020. | 26 |
| 124. | Optimal Good-case Latency for Rotating Leader Synchronous BFT Ittai Abraham and Kartik Nayak and Nibesh Shrestha. 2021. | 26 |
| 125. | Rationality is Self-Defeating in Permissionless Systems Ford, Bryan and B\"ohme, Rainer. 2019. | 25 |
| 126. | Formal Specification and Model Checking of the Tendermint Blockchain Synchronization Protocol (Short Paper) Braithwaite, Sean and Buchman, Ethan and Konnov, Igor and Milosevic, Zarko and Stoilkovska, Ilina and Widder, Josef and Zamfir, Anca. 2020. | 25 |
| 127. | Multi-instance Publicly Verifiable Time-lock Puzzle and its Applications Abadi, Aydin and Kiayias, Aggelos. 2021. | 24 |
| 128. | Byzantine Consensus is$\backslash$Theta (n\^{} 2): The Dolev-Reischuk Bound is Tight even in Partial Synchrony![Extended Version] Civit, Pierre and Dzulfikar, Muhammad Ayaz and Gilbert, Seth and Gramoli, Vincent and Guerraoui, Rachid and Komatovic, Jovan and Vidigueira, Manuel. 2022. | 24 |
| 129. | NC-Max: Breaking the Security-Performance Tradeoff in Nakamoto Consensus Ren Zhang and Dingwei Zhang and Quake Wang and Shichen Wu and Jan Xie and Bart Preneel. 2020. | 23 |
| 130. | As easy as ABC: Optimal (A)ccountable (B)yzantine (C)onsensus is easy! Pierre Civit and Seth Gilbert and Vincent Gramoli and Rachid Guerraoui and Jovan Komatovic. 2021. | 23 |
| 131. | Analysis of Deterministic Longest-Chain Protocols Shi, Elaine. 2018. | 22 |
| 132. | Compact Storage of Superblocks for NIPoPoW Applications Kostis Karantias and Aggelos Kiayias and Nikos Leonardos and Dionysis Zindros. 2019. | 22 |
| 133. | Ace: Abstract consensus encapsulation for liveness boosting of state machine replication Spiegelman, Alexander and Rinberg, Arik. 2019. | 22 |
| 134. | ABC: Asynchronous Blockchain without Consensus Sliwinski, Jakub and Wattenhofer, Roger. 2019. | 21 |
| 135. | Information Theoretic HotStuff Abraham, Ittai and Stern, Gilad. 2020. | 21 |
| 136. | Cerberus: Minimalistic multi-shard byzantine-resilient transaction processing Hellings, Jelle and Hughes, Daniel P and Primero, Joshua and Sadoghi, Mohammad. 2020. | 21 |
| 137. | MIR-BFT: SCALABLE AND ROBUST BFT FOR DECENTRALIZED NETWORKS STATHAKOPOULOU, CHRYSOULA and DAVID, TUDOR and PAVLOVIC, MATEJ and VUKOLI, MARKO. 2022. | 21 |
| 138. | Consensus through Herding Chan, TH Hubert and Pass, Rafael and Shi, Elaine. 2019. | 20 |
| 139. | Consistency in Proof-of-Stake Blockchains with Concurrent Honest Slot Leaders Aggelos Kiayias and Saad Quader and Alexander Russell. 2020. | 20 |
| 140. | On Profitability of Nakamoto double spend Grunspan, Cyril and P\'erez-Marco, Ricardo. 2019. | 19 |
| 141. | Consensus Redux: Distributed Ledgers in the Face of Adversarial Supremacy Badertscher, Christian and Gazi, Peter and Kiayias, Aggelos and Russell, Alexander and Zikas, Vassilis. 2020. | 19 |
| 142. | Plumo: Towards Scalable Interoperable Blockchains Using Ultra Light Validation Systems Gabizon, Ariel and Gurkan, Kobi and Jovanovic, Philipp and Konstantopoulos, Georgios and Oines, Asa and Olszewski, Marek and Straka, Michael and Tromer, Eran. 2020. | 18 |
| 143. | Embedding a Deterministic BFT Protocol in a Block DAG Schett, Maria A and Danezis, George. 2021. | 18 |
| 144. | Efficient and Universally Composable Single Secret Leader Election from Pairings Dario Catalano and Dario Fiore and Emanuele Giunta. 2021. | 17 |
| 145. | A New Way to Achieve Round-Efficient Byzantine Agreement Matthias Fitzi and Chen-Da Liu-Zhang and Julian Loss. 2021. | 17 |
| 146. | Mithril: Stake-based Threshold Multisignatures Pyrros Chaidos and Aggelos Kiayias. 2021. | 17 |
| 147. | Longest Chain Consensus Under Bandwidth Constraint Neu, Joachim and Sridhar, Srivatsan and Yang, Lei and Tse, David and Alizadeh, Mohammad. 2021. | 17 |
| 148. | Network-Agnostic State Machine Replication Blum, Erica and Katz, Jonathan and Loss, Julian. 2020. | 16 |
| 149. | On the Anonymity Guarantees of Anonymous Proof-of-Stake Protocols Markulf Kohlweiss and Varun Madathil and Kartik Nayak and Alessandra Scafuro. 2021. | 16 |
| 150. | Ofelimos: Combinatorial Optimization via Proof-of-Useful-Work \\ A Provably Secure Blockchain Protocol Matthias Fitzi and Aggelos Kiayias and Giorgos Panagiotakos and Alexander Russell. 2021. | 16 |
| 151. | Adaptively Secure Single Secret Leader Election from DDH Dario Catalano and Dario Fiore and Emanuele Giunta. 2022. | 16 |
| 152. | Simplex Consensus: A Simple and Fast Consensus Protocol Benjamin Y Chan and Rafael Pass. 2023. | 16 |
| 153. | Quadratic worst-case message complexity for State Machine Replication in the partial synchrony model Lewis-Pye, Andrew. 2022. | 15 |
| 154. | ParBFT: Faster Asynchronous BFT Consensus with a Parallel Optimistic Path Dai, Xiaohai and Zhang, Bolin and Jin, Hai and Ren, Ling. 2023. | 15 |
| 155. | Blockchain with Varying Number of Players T-H. Hubert Chan and Naomi Ephraim and Antonio Marcedone and Andrew Morgan and Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi. 2020. | 14 |
| 156. | Abraxas: Throughput-Efficient Hybrid Asynchronous Consensus Erica Blum and Jonathan Katz and Julian Loss and Kartik Nayak and Simon Ochsenreither. 2023. | 14 |
| 157. | Lattice-Based Proof-of-Work for Post-Quantum Blockchains Rouzbeh Behnia and Eamonn W. Postlethwaite and Muslum Ozgur Ozmen and Attila Altay Yavuz. 2020. | 13 |
| 158. | Fever: Optimal Responsive View Synchronisation Lewis-Pye, Andrew and Abraham, Ittai. 2023. | 12 |
| 159. | Efficient Algorithms for Broadcast and Consensus Based on Proofs of Work Lisa Eckey and Sebastian Faust and Julian Loss. 2017. | 11 |
| 160. | Lyra: Fast and Scalable Resilience to Reordering Attacks in Blockchains Zarbafian, Pouriya and Gramoli, Vincent. 2023. | 11 |
| 161. | The Bitcoin Backbone Protocol Against Quantum Adversaries Alexandru Cojocaru and Juan Garay and Aggelos Kiayias and Fang Song and Petros Wallden. 2019. | 10 |
| 162. | CollaChain: A BFT Collaborative Middleware for Decentralized Applications Tennakoon, Deepal and Hua, Yiding and Gramoli, Vincent. 2022. | 9 |
| 163. | Digital Signatures for Consensus. Gorbunov, Sergey and Wee, Hoeteck. 2019. | 8 |
| 164. | Platypus: a Partially Synchronous Offchain Protocol for Blockchains Ranchal-Pedrosa, Alejandro and Gramoli, Vincent. 2019. | 8 |
| 165. | Incentives Don't Solve Blockchain's Problems Ketsdever, Shea and Fischer, Michael J. 2019. | 8 |
| 166. | TaiJi: Longest Chain Availability with BFT Fast Confirmation Songze Li and David Tse. 2020. | 7 |
| 167. | Dynamic Ad Hoc Clock Synchronization Badertscher, Christian and Gazi, Peter and Kiayias, Aggelos and Russell, Alexander and Zikas, Vassilis. 2021. | 7 |
| 168. | How Byzantine is a Send Corruption? Karim Eldefrawy and Julian Loss and Ben Terner. 2021. | 7 |
| 169. | Make Every Word Count: Adaptive Byzantine Agreement with Fewer Words Cohen, Shir and Keidar, Idit and Spiegelman, Alexander. 2023. | 7 |
| 170. | Chop Chop: Byzantine Atomic Broadcast to the Network Limit Camaioni, Martina and Guerraoui, Rachid and Monti, Matteo and Roman, Pierre-Louis and Vidigueira, Manuel and Voron, Gauthier. 2023. | 7 |
| 171. | Tendermint blockchain synchronization: formal specification and model checking Braithwaite, Sean and Buchman, Ethan and Konnov, Igor and Milosevic, Zarko and Stoilkovska, Ilina and Widder, Josef and Zamfir, Anca. 2020. | 6 |
| 172. | On the (Ir)Replaceability of Global Setups, or How (Not) to Use a Global Ledger Christian Badertscher and Julia Hesse and Vassilis Zikas. 2020. | 6 |
| 173. | Colordag: An Incentive-Compatible Blockchain Abraham, Ittai and Dolev, Danny and Eyal, Ittay and Halpern, Joseph Y. 2022. | 6 |
| 174. | Homomorphic Sortition – Single Secret Leader Election for PoS Blockchains Luciano Freitas and Andrei Tonkikh and Adda-Akram Bendoukha and Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni and Renaud Sirdey and Oana Stan and Petr Kuznetsov. 2023. | 6 |
| 175. | On the Amortized Communication Complexity of Byzantine Broadcast Atsuki Momose and Ling Ren and Elaine Shi and Jun Wan and Zhuolun Xiang. 2023. | 6 |
| 176. | Ordering Transactions with Bounded Unfairness: Definitions, Complexity and Constructions Aggelos Kiayias and Nikos Leonardos and Yu Shen. 2023. | 6 |
| 177. | Number of confirmation blocks for Bitcoin and GHOST consensus protocols on networks with delayed message delivery Kovalchuk, Lyudmila and Kaidalov, Dmytro and Nastenko, Andrii and Shevtsov, Oleksiy and Rodinko, Mariia and Oliynykov, Roman. 2018. | 5 |
| 178. | A PoR/PoS-Hybrid Blockchain: Proof of Reputation with Nakamoto Fallback Leonard Kleinrock and Rafail Ostrovsky and Vassilis Zikas. 2020. | 5 |
| 179. | Permissionless Consensus in the Resource Model Benjamin Terner. 2020. | 5 |
| 180. | ACon $\^{} 2$: Adaptive Conformal Consensus for Provable Blockchain Oracles Park, Sangdon and Bastani, Osbert and Kim, Taesoo. 2022. | 5 |
| 181. | CryptoConcurrency:(Almost) Consensusless Asset Transfer with Shared Accounts Kuznetsov, Petr and Pignolet, Yvonne-Anne and Ponomarev, Pavel and Tonkikh, Andrei. 2022. | 5 |
| 182. | Zombies and Ghosts: Optimal Byzantine Agreement in the Presence of Omission Faults Loss, Julian and Stern, Gilad. 2023. | 5 |
| 183. | Optimal Flexible Consensus and its Application to Ethereum Joachim Neu and Srivatsan Sridhar and Lei Yang and David Tse. 2023. | 5 |
| 184. | On-Chain Smart Contract Verification over Tendermint⋆ Olivieri, Luca and Spoto, Fausto and Tagliaferro, Fabio. 2021. | 4 |
| 185. | Reputation at Stake! A Trust Layer over Decentralized Ledger for Multiparty Computation and Reputation-Fair Lottery Mario Larangeira. 2021. | 4 |
| 186. | FairPoS: Input Fairness in Proof-of-Stake with Adaptive Security James Hsin-yu Chiang and Bernardo David and Ittay Eyal and Tiantian Gong. 2022. | 4 |
| 187. | Post-Quantum Single Secret Leader Election (SSLE) From Publicly Re-randomizable Commitments Dan Boneh and Aditi Partap and Lior Rotem. 2023. | 4 |
| 188. | Gorilla: Safe Permissionless Byzantine Consensus Pu, Youer and Farahbakhsh, Ali and Alvisi, Lorenzo and Eyal, Ittay. 2023. | 4 |
| 189. | The Thunder Protocol Pass, Rafael and Shi, Elaine. 2018. | 3 |
| 190. | Economic Principles of PoPCoin, a Democratic Time-based Cryptocurrency Zhang, Haoqian and Basescu, Cristina and Ford, Bryan. 2020. | 3 |
| 191. | Latus Incentive Scheme: Enabling Decentralization in Blockchains based on Recursive SNARKs Alberto Garoffolo and Dmytro Kaidalov and Roman Oliynykov. 2021. | 3 |
| 192. | Babel Fees via Limited Liabilities Chakravarty, Manuel MT and Karayannidis, Nikos and Kiayias, Aggelos and Jones, Michael Peyton and Vinogradova, Polina. 2021. | 3 |
| 193. | Executing and Proving over Dirty Ledgers Stefo, Christos and Xiang, Zhuolun and Kokoris-Kogias, Lefteris. 2022. | 3 |
| 194. | Security of Nakamoto Consensus under Congestion Lucianna Kiffer and Joachim Neu and Srivatsan Sridhar and Aviv Zohar and David Tse. 2023. | 3 |
| 195. | The Rush Dilemma: Attacking and Repairing Smart Contracts on Forking Blockchains Vincenzo Botta and Daniele Friolo and Daniele Venturi and Ivan Visconti. 2019. | 2 |
| 196. | Game-Theoretically Fair Leader Election in O(log log n) Rounds under Majority Coalitions Kai-Min Chung and T-H. Hubert Chan and Ting Wen and Elaine Shi (random author ordering). 2020. | 2 |
| 197. | HashSplit: Exploiting Bitcoin Asynchrony to Violate Common Prefix and Chain Quality Muhammad Saad and Afsah Anwar and Srivatsan Ravi and David Mohaisen. 2021. | 2 |
| 198. | Musings on the HashGraph Protocol: Its Security and Its Limitations Sridhar, Vinesh and Blum, Erica and Katz, Jonathan. 2022. | 2 |
| 199. | State Machine Replication and Consensus with Byzantine Adversaries Davidson, Michael. 2023. | 2 |
| 200. | A Formal Analysis of Blockchain Consensus Laneve, Cosimo and Veschetti, Adele. 2019. | 1 |
| 201. | Hydra: A Multiple Blockchain Protocol for Improving Transaction Throughput G\"undlach, Rowel and Hoepman, Jaap-Henk and van der Hofstad, Remco and Koens, Tommy and Meijer, Stijn. 2019. | 1 |
| 202. | Optimal Communication Complexity of Byzantine Agreement, Revisited Atsuki Momose and Ling Ren. 2020. | 1 |
| 203. | Cob: a Multidimensional Byzantine Agreement Protocol for Asynchronous Incomplete Networks Flamini, Andrea and Longo, Riccardo and Meneghetti, Alessio. 2021. | 1 |
| 204. | The Power of Random Symmetry-Breaking in Nakamoto Consensus Su, Lili and Liu, Quanquan C and Narula, Neha. 2021. | 1 |
| 205. | TontineCoin: Survivor-based Proof-of-Stake Pollett, Chris and Austin, Thomas H and Potika, Katerina and Rietz, Justin and Pardeshi, Prashant. 2022. | 1 |
| 206. | Graphchain: a Blockchain-Free Scalable Decentralised Ledger Boyen, Xavier and Carr, Christopher and Haines, Thomas. 2018. | 0 |
| 207. | A Non Outsourceable Puzzle under GHOST Rule Zeng, Gongxian and Yiu, Siu Ming and Zhang, Jun and Kuzuno, Hiroki and Au, Man Ho. 2017. | 0 |
| 208. | Pay-To-Win: Incentive Attacks on Proof-of-Work Cryptocurrencies Aljosha Judmayer and Nicholas Stifter and Alexei Zamyatin and Itay Tsabary and Ittay Eyal and Peter Gazi and Sarah Meiklejohn and Edgar Weippl. 2019. | 0 |
| 209. | Toychain: Formally Verified Blockchain Consensus George P\^ırlea. 2019. | 0 |
| 210. | Ouroboros Chronos: Permissionless Clock Synchronization via Proof-of-Stake Christian Badertscher and Peter Gaži and Aggelos Kiayias and Alexander Russell and Vassilis Zikas. 2019. | 0 |
| 211. | Fractal: A New Paradigm for High-Performance Proof-of-Stake Blockchains Zhou, Hong-Sheng. 2019. | 0 |
| 212. | A Scalable Proof-of-Stake Blockchain in the Open Setting Fan, Lei and Zhou, Hong-Sheng and Katz, Jonathan. 2018. | 0 |
| 213. | Casper the friendly ghost: A correct by construction blockchain consensus protocol Zamfir, Vlad. 2017. | 0 |
| 214. | Afgjort--A Semi-Synchronous Finality Layer for Blockchains Magri, Bernardo and Matt, Christian and Nielsen, Jesper Buus and Tschudi, Daniel. 2019. | 0 |
| 215. | TULIP: A Fully Incentive Compatible Blockchain Framework Amortizing Redundant Communication Ersoy, Oguzhan and Zekeriya, Erkin and Lagendijk, Reginald L. 2019. | 0 |
| 216. | Barracuda: The Power of $$\backslash$ell $-polling in Proof-of-Stake Blockchains Fanti, Giulia and Jiao, Jiantao and Makkuva, Ashok and Oh, Sewoong and Rana, Ranvir and Viswanath, Pramod. 2019. | 0 |
| 217. | BackPackers: A New Network Paradigm for Secure and High-performance Blockchains Thai, Phuc D and Zhou, Hong-sheng and Katz, Jonathan and Fan, Lei and Dinh, Thang N. 2019. | 0 |
| 218. | Divide and Scale: Formalization of Distributed Ledger Sharding Protocols Avarikioti, Georgia and Kokoris-Kogias, Eleftherios and Wattenhofer, Roger. 2019. | 0 |
| 219. | Just Enough Security: Reducing Proof-of-Work Ecological Footprint Tsabary, Itay and Spiegelman, Alexander and Eyal, Ittay. 2019. | 0 |
| 220. | Reparo: Publicly Verifiable Layer to Repair Blockchains Thyagarajan, Sri Aravinda Krishnan and Bhat, Adithya and Magri, Bernardo and Tschudi, Daniel and Kate, Aniket. 2020. | 0 |
| 221. | Hydra: Fast Isomorphic State Channels Chakravarty, Manuel MT and Coretti, Sandro and Fitzi, Matthias and Gazi, Peter and Kant, Philipp and Kiayias, Aggelos and Russell, Alexander. 2020. | 0 |
| 222. | Optimal Good-case Latency for Byzantine Broadcast and State Machine Replication Abraham, Ittai and Nayak, Kartik and Ren, Ling and Xiang, Zhuolun. 2020. | 0 |
| 223. | Rational Behavior in Committee-Based Blockchains Yackolley Amoussou-Guenou and Bruno Biais and Maria Potop-Butucaru and Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni. 2020. | 0 |
| 224. | Leveraging Weight Functions for Optimistic Responsiveness in Blockchains Simon Holmgaard Kamp and Bernardo Magri and Christian Matt and Jesper Buus Nielsen and Søren Eller Thomsen and Daniel Tschudi. 2020. | 0 |
| 225. | Solida: A Blockchain Protocol Based on Reconfigurable Byzantine Consensus Abraham, Ittai and Malkhi, Dahlia and Nayak, Kartik and Spiegelman, Alexander. 2020. | 0 |
| 226. | Virtual ASICs: Generalized Proof-of-Stake Mining in Cryptocurrencies Chaya Ganesh and Claudio Orlandi and Daniel Tschudi and Aviv Zohar. 2020. | 0 |
| 227. | Proofs of Useless Work--Positive and Negative Results for Wasteless Mining Systems Dotan, Maya and Tochner, Saar. 2020. | 0 |
| 228. | UTXOma: UTXO with Multi-Asset Support Chakravarty, Manuel MT and Chapman, James and MacKenzie, Kenneth and Melkonian, Orestis and M\"uller, Jann and Jones, Michael Peyton and Vinogradova, Polina and Wadler, Philip and Zahnentferner, Joachim. 2020. | 0 |
| 229. | Foundations of Distributed Consensus and Blockchains Elaine Shi. 2020. | 0 |
| 230. | The Checkpointed Longest Chain: User-dependent Adaptivity and Finality Sankagiri, Suryanarayana and Wang, Xuechao and Kannan, Sreeram and Viswanath, Pramod. 2020. | 0 |
| 231. | BDoS: Blockchain Denial-of-Service Attacks Mirkin, Michael and Ji, Yan and Pang, Jonathan and Klages-Mundt, Ariah and Eyal, Ittay and Juels, Ari. 2020. | 0 |
| 232. | Achieving State Machine Replication without Honesty Assumptions McMenamin, Conor and Daza, Vanesa and Pontecorvi, Matteo. 2020. | 0 |
| 233. | Post-Quantum Security of the Bitcoin Backbone and Quantum Multi-Solution Bernoulli Search Cojocaru, Alexandru and Garay, Juan and Kiayias, Aggelos and Song, Fang and Wallden, Petros. 2020. | 0 |
| 234. | SoK: Algorithmic Incentive Manipulation Attacks on Permissionless PoW Cryptocurrencies Aljosha Judmayer and Nicholas Stifter and Alexei Zamyatin and Itay Tsabary and Ittay Eyal and Peter Gaži and Sarah Meiklejohn and Edgar Weippl. 2020. | 0 |
| 235. | The Bitcoin Cash Backbone Protocol Juan Garay and Yu Shen. 2021. | 0 |
| 236. | Fast-HotStuff: A Fast and Resilient BFT protocol for Blockchains Jalalzai, Mohammad M and Niu, Jianyu and Feng, Chen and Gai, Fangyu. 2021. | 0 |
| 237. | Fast Validated Byzantine Broadcast Abraham, Ittai and Nayak, Kartik and Ren, Ling and Xiang, Zhuolun. 2021. | 0 |
| 238. | When Nakamoto Meets Nash: Blockchain Breakthrough Through the Lens of Game Theory (Invited Talk) Abraham, Ittai. 2021. | 0 |
| 239. | Payment Does Not Imply Consensus (For Distributed Payment Systems) Orton, Thomas. 2021. | 0 |
| 240. | A Permissionless Proof-of-Stake Blockchain with Best-Possible Unpredictability Lei Fan and Jonathan Katz and Phuc Thai and Hong-Sheng Zhou. 2021. | 0 |
| 241. | Two More Attacks on Proof-of-Stake GHOST/Ethereum Neu, Joachim and Tas, Ertem Nusret and Tse, David. 2022. | 0 |
| 242. | Side Contract Commitment Attacks on Blockchains Landis, Daji and Schwartzbach, Nikolaj I.. 2023. | 0 |
| 243. | No-commit proofs: Defeating livelock in bft Giridharan, Neil and Howard, Heidi and Abraham, Ittai and Crooks, Natacha and Tomescu, Alin. 2021. | 0 |
| 244. | The Aptos Blockchain: Safe, Scalable, and Upgradeable Web3Infrastructure Aptos Team. 2022. | 0 |
| 245. | Accountable Safety Implies Finality Joachim Neu and Ertem Nusret Tas and David Tse. 2023. | 0 |